Uhlelo olusebenzayo noluphephile lokuhlanza umoya lwegumbi lokusebenza luqinisekisa indawo eyinyumba yegumbi lokusebenza, futhi lungahlangabezana nendawo eyinyumba kakhulu edingekayo ukuze kufakwe isitho, inhliziyo, isitsha segazi, ukushintshwa kwamalunga okwenziwa nokunye ukusebenza.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-magciwane ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nezinobuthi obuphansi, kanye nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo, kuyizinyathelo ezinamandla zokuqinisekisa indawo eyinyumba yamagumbi okuhlinza ajwayelekile.Ngokuvumelana nezingxoxo eziqhubekayo nokucutshungulwa okuphindaphindiwe, “Ikhodi Yesakhiwo Sesibhedlela Esijwayelekile” ebuyekeziwe, izinhlinzeko ezitholakala emakamelweni okuhlinza ajwayelekile ekugcineni zinqunywa ngokuthi: “Amakamelo okuhlinza ajwayelekile kufanele asebenzise amasistimu okupholisa umoya anezihlungi zetheminali ezingekho ngaphansi kwezihlungi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu noma umoya omusha.Uhlelo lokungenisa umoya.Gcina ingcindezi enhle ekamelweni, futhi inani lezinguquko zomoya akufanele libe ngaphansi kwezikhathi eziyisi-6/h”.Ukuze uthole amanye amapharamitha angahili, njengezinga lokushisa nomswakama, sicela ubheke Igumbi lokuhlinzela elihlanzekile Lesigaba IV.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwegumbi lokusebenza
Ngokwezinga lobunyumba noma ubunyumba bokusebenza, igumbi lokuhlinzela lingahlukaniswa libe yizigaba ezinhlanu ezilandelayo:
(1) Igumbi lokuhlinzela Ikilasi I: okungukuthi, igumbi lokuhlinza eliyinyumba, elamukela ngokuyinhloko ukuhlinzwa okunjengobuchopho, inhliziyo, nokufakelwa kwezitho zomzimba.
(2) Igumbi lokuhlinza le-Class II: igumbi lokuhlinza eliyinyumba, elamukela ngokuyinhloko ukuhlinzwa kwe-aseptic njenge-splenectomy, ukuncishiswa okuvulekile kokuqhekeka okuvaliwe, ukuhlinzwa kwe-intraocular, kanye ne-thyroidectomy.
(3) Igumbi lokuhlinza le-Class III: okungukuthi, igumbi lokuhlinza elinamagciwane, elamukela ukuhlinzwa esiswini, inyongo, isibindi, i-appendix, izinso, amaphaphu nezinye izingxenye.
(4) Igumbi lokuhlinza le-Class IV: igumbi lokuhlinzela ukutheleleka, elamukela ngokuyinhloko ukuhlinzwa okunjengokuhlinzwa kwe-appendix perforation peritonitis, ithumba lesifo sofuba, ukusika ithumba nokukhipha amanzi, njll.
(5) Igumbi lokuhlinzela Lesigaba V: okungukuthi, igumbi lokuhlinza elikhethekile, elamukela ngokuyinhloko ukuhlinza izifo ezifana ne-Pseudomonas aeruginosa, i-Bacillus gas gangrene, ne-Bacillus tetanus.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, amakamelo okuhlinza angahlukaniswa abe ukuhlinzwa okuvamile, i-orthopedics, obstetrics kanye ne-gynecology, ukuhlinzwa kobuchopho, ukuhlinzwa kwe-cardiothoracic, i-urology, ukushisa, i-ENT namanye amagumbi okuhlinza.Njengoba ukusebenza kwezingcweti ezihlukahlukene ngokuvamile kudinga amathuluzi akhethekile namathuluzi, amakamelo okuhlinzela okusebenza okukhethekile kufanele alungiswe ngokuqhathaniswa.
Igumbi lokusebenza eliphelele lihlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo:
①Igumbi lokudlula elihlanzekile: elifaka igumbi lokushintshela izicathulo, igumbi lokugqoka, igumbi lokugeza, igumbi lokugeza umoya, njll.;
②Igumbi lokuhlinza: elihlanganisa igumbi lokuhlinza elijwayelekile, igumbi lokuhlinza eliyinyumba, igumbi lokuhlinza lokugeleza kwe-laminar, njll.;
③ Igumbi elisizayo lokuhlinza: kufaka phakathi indlu yangasese, igumbi lokubulala izinzwa, igumbi lokuvuselela umoya, igumbi lokuhlanza, igumbi likakhonkolo, njll.;
④ Igumbi lokuhlinzeka ngezibulala-magciwane: kufaka phakathi igumbi lokubulala amagciwane, igumbi lokuhlinzeka, igumbi lemishini, igumbi lokugqoka, njll.;
⑤ Igumbi lokuxilonga elabhorethri: okuhlanganisa i-X-ray, i-endoscopy, i-pathology, i-ultrasound namanye amagumbi okuhlola;
⑥Igumbi lokufundisa: kufaka phakathi ithebula lokubuka ukusebenza, ikilasi lokubonisa umabona kude, njll.;
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesifunda
Igumbi lokuhlinzela kufanele lihlukaniswe ngokuqinile libe yindawo evinjelwe (igumbi lokuhlinza eliyinyumba), indawo enomkhawulo (igumbi lokuhlinza elingcolile) kanye nendawo engavinjelwe.Kunemiklamo emibili yokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ezintathu: eyodwa iwukusetha indawo evinjelwe kanye nendawo ekhawulelwe kancane ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezitezi ezahlukene.Lo mklamo ungenza ngokuphelele ukuhlukaniswa kwenhlanzeko, kodwa udinga amasethi amabili ezinsiza, ukwandisa abasebenzi, futhi akulula ukuphatha;ezimbili Ukuze kumiswe izindawo ezivinjelwe kanye nezindawo ezingavinjelwe ezigabeni ezihlukene zesitezi esisodwa, indawo ephakathi iguqulwa isuka endaweni ekhawulelwe kancane, futhi okokusebenza kuyabiwa, okuyinto elula kakhulu ukuklama nokuphatha.
Izindawo ezibekelwe imingcele zihlanganisa amagumbi okuhlinzela angcolile, izindlu zangasese, amagumbi angenalutho, amagumbi okugcina izidakamizwa, njll. Izindawo ezikhawulelwe kancane zihlanganisa amagumbi okuhlinza angcolile noma amagumbi okuhlinza angcolile, amagumbi okulungisela okokugqoka, amagumbi okulungiselela izinzwa, namagumbi okubulala amagciwane.Endaweni engavinjelwe, kunamakamelo okugqoka, amagumbi okusikwa, amagumbi esampula, amagumbi okuhlanza indle, amagumbi okulalisa izinzwa nawokulungisa, amahhovisi abahlengikazi, amagumbi okuphumula abasebenzi bezokwelapha, izindawo zokudlela, nezindawo zokuphumula zamalungu omndeni weziguli ezihlinzwayo.Igumbi lomsebenzi kanye nehhovisi lomhlengikazi kufanele kube eduze nendawo yokungena.
Ukwakhiwa kwendawo yegumbi lokusebenza
Igumbi lokuhlinzela kufanele libe endaweni ethulile, ehlanzekile futhi elungele ukuxhumana neminyango efanele.Izibhedlela ezinezakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi njengesakhiwo esikhulu kufanele zikhethe ama-flanks, nezibhedlela ezinezakhiwo eziphakeme njengomzimba omkhulu kufanele zikhethe indawo ephakathi yesakhiwo esikhulu.Umgomo wokucushwa kwendawo yegumbi lokusebenza neminye iminyango neminyango ukuthi iseduze nomnyango osebenzayo, ibhange legazi, umnyango wokuxilongwa kwe-imaging, umnyango wokuxilongwa kwelabhorathri, umnyango wokuxilongwa kwe-pathological, njll., okulungele ukuxhumana nomsebenzi, futhi kufanele kube kude namakamelo obhayela, amagumbi okukhanda, iziteshi zokukhuculula indle, njll. , ukugwema ukungcola nokunciphisa umsindo.Igumbi lokuhlinzela kufanele ligweme ukukhanya kwelanga eliqondile ngangokunokwenzeka, kulula ukubhekana nalo enyakatho, noma lifakwe umthunzi ngengilazi enemibala ukuze kube lula ukukhanya okwenziwayo.Ukuma kwegumbi lokuhlinza kufanele kugweme izintuba zomoya ukuze kuncishiswe ukuminyana kothuli lwasendlini kanye nokungcoliswa komoya.Ivamise ukuhlelwa ngendlela emaphakathi, okwenza indawo yezokwelapha ezimele, okuhlanganisa ingxenye yokusebenza kanye nengxenye yokuhlinzeka.
Isakhiwo
Ukwakheka okuphelele komnyango wegumbi lokusebenza kunengqondo kakhulu.Ukungena egunjini lokuhlinzela kusebenzisa isixazululo seziteshi ezimbili, njengemigudu yokuhlinza eyinyumba, okuhlanganisa imigudu yezisebenzi zezokwelapha, imigudu yesiguli, namashaneli okuphakela izinto ahlanzekile;iziteshi zokulahla ezingahlanzekile:
Ukuhanjiswa okungcolisiwe kwamathuluzi nezingubo zokugqoka ngemuva kokuhlinzwa.Kuphinde kube nomgudu oluhlaza ozinikele wokuhlenga iziguli, ukuze iziguli ezigula kakhulu zithole ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi.Kungenza umsebenzi womnyango osebenzayo ufinyelele kangcono ekubulaweni amagciwane kanye nokuhlukaniswa, uhlanzeke futhi ugweme, futhi ugweme ukutheleleka ngegciwane ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu.
Igumbi lokuhlinzela lihlukaniswe ngamakamelo amaningi okuhlinzela.Ngokwamazinga ahlukene okuhlanzwa, kunamagumbi okuhlinzela anamazinga angamakhulu amabili, amagumbi okuhlinzela asezingeni eliyizinkulungwane ezimbili, namagumbi okuhlinza ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi.Amazinga ahlukene amakamelo okuhlinza anokusetshenziswa okuhlukile: amakamelo okuhlinza asezingeni le-100 Asetshenziselwa ukubuyisela amalunga, ukuhlinzwa kwezinzwa, ukuhlinzwa kwenhliziyo;Igumbi lokuhlinza le-Class 1000 lisetshenziselwa ikilasi lokuhlinza amanxeba ku-orthopaedics, ukuhlinzwa okuvamile, nokuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki;Igumbi lokuhlinza le-Class 10,000 lisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzwa kwe-thoracic, i-ENT, i-urology nokuhlinzwa okuvamile Ngaphezu kokusebenza kwekilasi lamanxeba;Igumbi lokuhlinza elinokushintsha kokucindezela okuhle nokubi lingasetshenziselwa imisebenzi ekhethekile yokutheleleka.Ukuhlanza isiphephetha-moya kudlala indima engenakushintshwa ekuvimbeleni ukutheleleka kanye nokuqinisekisa impumelelo yokuhlinzwa, futhi kuwubuchwepheshe obusekelayo obubalulekile egunjini lokuhlinza.Amakamelo okuhlinza asezingeni eliphezulu adinga ama-air conditioner ahlanzekile ekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi ama-air conditioner ahlanzekile angaqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lamakamelo okuhlinzela.
Ukuhlanzwa komoya
Umfutho womoya wegumbi lokuhlinzela uyahlukahluka kuye ngokwezidingo zokuhlanzeka kwezindawo ezahlukene (njengegumbi lokuhlinza, igumbi lokulungiselela eliyinyumba, igumbi lokuxubha, igumbi lokubulala izinzwa kanye nezindawo ezihlanzekile ezizungezile, njll.).Amazinga ahlukene amagumbi okusebenza okugeleza kwe-laminar anezindinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanzeka komoya.Isibonelo, i-US Federal Standard 1000 inombolo yezinhlayiya zothuli ≥ 0.5 μm nge-cubic foot ngayinye yomoya, ≤ izinhlayiya ezingu-1000 noma ≤ izinhlayiya ezingu-35 ilitha ngalinye lomoya.Izinga legumbi lokusebenza lokugeleza kwe-laminar leleveli engu-10000 inombolo yezinhlayiya zothuli ≥0.5μm ngecubic foot ngayinye yomoya, ≤10000 izinhlayiya noma ≤350 izinhlayiya ilitha ngalinye lomoya.Njalo njalo.Inhloso eyinhloko yokufaka umoya wegumbi lokusebenzisa ukukhipha igesi yokukhipha endlini ngayinye yokusebenzela;ukuqinisekisa inani elidingekayo lomoya omusha ekamelweni ngalinye lokusebenzela;ukususa uthuli nama-microorganisms;ukugcina ingcindezi enhle edingekayo ekamelweni.Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokungena komoya ngemishini ezingahlangabezana nezidingo zokungenisa umoya zegumbi lokusebenza.Ukusetshenziswa okuhlanganisiwe kokunikezwa komoya okuyimishini kanye ne-mechanical exhaust: Le ndlela yokungenisa umoya ingalawula inani lokushintsha komoya, umthamo womoya nokucindezela kwangaphakathi, futhi umphumela wokungenisa umoya ungcono.Ukunikezwa komoya ngemishini kanye nomoya okhipha umoya wemvelo kusetshenziswa ndawonye.Izikhathi zokungena komoya kanye nezikhathi zokungenisa umoya zale ndlela yokungenisa umoya zilinganiselwe ngezinga elithile, futhi umphumela wokungenisa umoya awumuhle njengakuqala.Izinga lokuhlanzeka kwegumbi lokuhlinza lihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko ngenani lezinhlayiya zothuli ezisemoyeni kanye nenani lezinhlayiya zezinto eziphilayo.Njengamanje, okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yizinga lokuhlukaniswa kwe-NASA.Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza bufeza inhloso yokuba msulwa ngokulawula ukuhlanzeka kokunikezwa komoya ngokuhlanzwa kwengcindezi enhle.
Ngokwezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlinzeka komoya, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanza bungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: uhlelo lokugeleza olunezinxushunxushu kanye nohlelo lokugeleza kwe-laminar.(1) Uhlelo lwezinxushunxushu (Indlela Eneziqondiso Eziningi): Imbobo yokunikezela komoya kanye nesihlungi esisebenza kahle kakhulu sohlelo lokugeleza okunesiyaluyalu sitholakala ophahleni, futhi indawo yokubuya komoya itholakala nhlangothi zombili noma ingxenye engezansi yodonga olulodwa oluseceleni. .Isihlungi nokwelashwa komoya kulula, futhi ukunwetshwa kulula., Izindleko ziphansi, kodwa inani lezinguquko zomoya lincane, ngokuvamile izikhathi ezingu-10 kuya kwezingu-50/h, futhi kulula ukukhiqiza ama-eddy currents, futhi izinhlayiya ezingcolisayo zingase zimiswe futhi zisatshalaliswe endaweni yamanje ye-eddy yangaphakathi, yenze ukungcolisa ukugeleza komoya kanye nokunciphisa izinga lokuhlanzeka kwangaphakathi.Isebenza kuphela kumagumbi okuhlanza angu-10,000-1,000,000 kumazinga e-NASA.(2) Uhlelo lokugeleza kwe-laminal: Uhlelo lokugeleza kwe-laminar lusebenzisa umoya onokusabalalisa okufanayo kanye nezinga lokugeleza elifanelekile ukuze kukhishwe izinhlayiya nothuli egunjini lokuhlinza ngomshini wokuphuma komoya obuyayo, ngaphandle kokukhiqiza i-eddy current, ngakho-ke alukho uthuli oluntantayo, futhi izinga lokuhlanza liyashintsha ngokushintsha.Ingathuthukiswa ngokwandisa inani lezikhathi zomoya futhi ifanele amakamelo okusebenza ezinga elingu-100 kumazinga e-NASA.Kodwa-ke, izinga lomonakalo wesici sokuhlunga likhulu ngokuqhathaniswa, futhi izindleko ziphakeme kakhulu.
Imishini yegumbi lokusebenza
Izindonga nophahla lwegumbi lokuhlinza zenziwe ngezinto ezingazwakali, ziqinile, zibushelelezi, azinalutho, zingashi, zingangenwa amanzi, futhi zihlanzeke kalula.Imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza ngokukhanyayo.Amakhona ayindilinga ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kothuli.Izibani zokubuka ifilimu, amakhabethe emithi, ama-consoles, njll. kufanele kufakwe odongeni.Umnyango kufanele ube banzi futhi ngaphandle kombundu, okulungele izimoto eziyisicaba ukungena nokuphuma.Gwema ukusebenzisa iminyango yasentwasahlobo okulula ukuyishwiba ukuvimbela uthuli namagciwane ukuthi angandizi ngenxa yokugeleza komoya.Amafasitela kufanele abe nengqimba ephindwe kabili, okungcono kakhulu amafasitela e-aluminium alloy, alungele ukuvikela uthuli kanye nokufakwa kwe-thermal.Ingilazi yefasitela kufanele ibe nsundu.Ububanzi bephaseji kufanele bungabi ngaphansi kuka-2.5m, okuvumela imoto eyisicaba ukuthi ihambe futhi igweme ukushayisana phakathi kwabantu abadlulayo.Izitezi kufanele zakhiwe ngezinto eziqinile, ezibushelelezi futhi ezikhuhle kalula.Umhlabathi uthambekele kancane ekhoneni, futhi i-drain yaphansi ibekwe engxenyeni engezansi ukuze kube lula ukuchithwa kwendle, futhi imigodi yokudonsa amanzi ivaliwe ukuvimbela umoya ongcolile ukuthi ungangeni ekamelweni noma ukuvinjelwa izinto zangaphandle.
Ugesi wegumbi lokusebenza kufanele ube nezindawo zokuphakela ugesi wezigaba ezimbili ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile.Kufanele kube namasokhethi kagesi anele ekamelweni ngalinye lokuhlinza ukuze kube lula ukutholakala kwamandla amathuluzi ahlukahlukene kanye nemishini.Isokhethi kufanele ifakwe i-anti-spark device, futhi kufanele kube nemishini yokuqhuba phansi egunjini lokuhlinza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhuma okubangelwa izinhlansi.Isokhethi kagesi kufanele ivalwe ngekhava ukuze kuvinjwe amanzi ukuthi angangeni, ukuze kugwenywe ukwehluleka kwesifunda okuthinta ukusebenza.Intambo kagesi eyinhloko iphakathi nendawo odongeni, futhi amapayipi okumunca aphakathi nendawo kanye ne-oxygen kufanele abekwe odongeni.Izinsiza zokukhanyisa Ukukhanyisa okujwayelekile kufanele kufakwe odongeni noma ophahleni.Izibani zokuhlinza kufanele zifakwe izibani ezingenathunzi, kanye nezibani zokuphakamisa okuyisipele.Imithombo yamanzi kanye nezinsiza zokuvimbela umlilo: ompompi kufanele bafakwe endaweni yokusebenzela ngayinye ukuze kube lula ukushaywa.Izicisha-mlilo kufanele zifakwe emaphaseji nasemagunjini asizayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha.Amanzi ashisayo nabandayo kanye nesitimu esinomfutho ophezulu kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokugcwele.Imishini yokungenisa umoya, yokuhlunga kanye nenzalo: amagumbi okuhlinza esimanje kufanele asungule indawo ekahle yokufaka umoya, ukuhlunga kanye nedivayisi yokuvala inzalo ukuze kuhlanzeke umoya.Izindlela zokungenisa umoya zihlanganisa ukugeleza kwe-turbulent, ukugeleza kwe-laminar kanye nohlobo oluma mpo, olungakhethwa ngendlela efanele.Ukungena nesakhiwo somzila wegumbi lokuhlinzela: Idizayini yesakhiwo semizila engenayo nephumayo kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo zezinqubo zokusebenza kanye nokuhlukanisa ukuhlanzeka.Kufanele kumiswe imizila emithathu yokungena neyokuphuma, owokungena nokuphuma kwabasebenzi, owesibili ube ngeyeziguli ezilimele, owesithathu ube ngeyokuzungeza ukulethwa kwempahla njengokugqokiswa kwemishini., zama ukuzihlukanisa futhi ugweme ukuthelelana ngezifo.
Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa kwegumbi lokuhlinzela kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi kufanele kube nezinto zokupholisa nokushisisa.I-air conditioner kufanele ifakwe ophahleni olungaphezulu, izinga lokushisa ekamelweni kufanele ligcinwe ku-24-26 ℃, futhi umswakama ohlobene kufanele ube ngu-50%.Igumbi lokuhlinza elijwayelekile lingamamitha-skwele angama-35-45, futhi igumbi elikhethekile lingamamitha-skwele angama-60, lilungele ukuhlinzwa kwe-cardiopulmonary bypass, ukufakelwa kwezitho zomzimba, njll.;indawo encane yegumbi lokusebenza ingamamitha-skwele angama-20-30.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-08-2022